CLI11/include/CLI/StringTools.hpp

// Copyright (c) 2017-2025, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
// All rights reserved.
//
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

#pragma once

// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"

// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
#include <algorithm>
#include <iomanip>
#include <locale>
#include <sstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>
#include <vector>
// [CLI11:public_includes:end]

#include "Macros.hpp"

namespace CLI {

// [CLI11:string_tools_hpp:verbatim]

/// Include the items in this namespace to get free conversion of enums to/from streams.
/// (This is available inside CLI as well, so CLI11 will use this without a using statement).
namespace enums {

/// output streaming for enumerations
template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_enum<T>::value>::type>
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &in, const T &item) {
    // make sure this is out of the detail namespace otherwise it won't be found when needed
    // https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/input-output#print-char-or-ptr-as-number
    return in << +static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(item);
}

}  // namespace enums

/// Export to CLI namespace
using enums::operator<<;

namespace detail {
/// a constant defining an expected max vector size defined to be a big number that could be multiplied by 4 and not
/// produce overflow for some expected uses
constexpr int expected_max_vector_size{1 << 29};
// Based on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/236129/split-a-string-in-c
/// Split a string by a delim
CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string &s, char delim);

/// Simple function to join a string
template <typename T> std::string join(const T &v, std::string delim = ",") {
    std::ostringstream s;
    auto beg = std::begin(v);
    auto end = std::end(v);
    if(beg != end)
        s << *beg++;
    while(beg != end) {
        s << delim << *beg++;
    }
    auto rval = s.str();
    if(!rval.empty() && delim.size() == 1 && rval.back() == delim[0]) {
        // remove trailing delimiter if the last entry was empty
        rval.pop_back();
    }
    return rval;
}

/// Simple function to join a string from processed elements
template <typename T,
          typename Callable,
          typename = typename std::enable_if<!std::is_constructible<std::string, Callable>::value>::type>
std::string join(const T &v, Callable func, std::string delim = ",") {
    std::ostringstream s;
    auto beg = std::begin(v);
    auto end = std::end(v);
    auto loc = s.tellp();
    while(beg != end) {
        auto nloc = s.tellp();
        if(nloc > loc) {
            s << delim;
            loc = nloc;
        }
        s << func(*beg++);
    }
    return s.str();
}

/// Join a string in reverse order
template <typename T> std::string rjoin(const T &v, std::string delim = ",") {
    std::ostringstream s;
    for(std::size_t start = 0; start < v.size(); start++) {
        if(start > 0)
            s << delim;
        s << v[v.size() - start - 1];
    }
    return s.str();
}

// Based roughly on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25829143/c-trim-whitespace-from-a-string

/// Trim whitespace from left of string
CLI11_INLINE std::string &ltrim(std::string &str);

/// Trim anything from left of string
CLI11_INLINE std::string &ltrim(std::string &str, const std::string &filter);

/// Trim whitespace from right of string
CLI11_INLINE std::string &rtrim(std::string &str);

/// Trim anything from right of string
CLI11_INLINE std::string &rtrim(std::string &str, const std::string &filter);

/// Trim whitespace from string
inline std::string &trim(std::string &str) { return ltrim(rtrim(str)); }

/// Trim anything from string
inline std::string &trim(std::string &str, const std::string filter) { return ltrim(rtrim(str, filter), filter); }

/// Make a copy of the string and then trim it
inline std::string trim_copy(const std::string &str) {
    std::string s = str;
    return trim(s);
}

/// remove quotes at the front and back of a string either '"' or '\''
CLI11_INLINE std::string &remove_quotes(std::string &str);

/// remove quotes from all elements of a string vector and process escaped components
CLI11_INLINE void remove_quotes(std::vector<std::string> &args);

/// Add a leader to the beginning of all new lines (nothing is added
/// at the start of the first line). `"; "` would be for ini files
///
/// Can't use Regex, or this would be a subs.
CLI11_INLINE std::string fix_newlines(const std::string &leader, std::string input);

/// Make a copy of the string and then trim it, any filter string can be used (any char in string is filtered)
inline std::string trim_copy(const std::string &str, const std::string &filter) {
    std::string s = str;
    return trim(s, filter);
}

/// Print subcommand aliases
CLI11_INLINE std::ostream &format_aliases(std::ostream &out, const std::vector<std::string> &aliases, std::size_t wid);

/// Verify the first character of an option
/// - is a trigger character, ! has special meaning and new lines would just be annoying to deal with
template <typename T> bool valid_first_char(T c) {
    return ((c != '-') && (static_cast<unsigned char>(c) > 33));  // space and '!' not allowed
}

/// Verify following characters of an option
template <typename T> bool valid_later_char(T c) {
    // = and : are value separators, { has special meaning for option defaults,
    // and control codes other than tab would just be annoying to deal with in many places allowing space here has too
    // much potential for inadvertent entry errors and bugs
    return ((c != '=') && (c != ':') && (c != '{') && ((static_cast<unsigned char>(c) > 32) || c == '\t'));
}

/// Verify an option/subcommand name
CLI11_INLINE bool valid_name_string(const std::string &str);

/// Verify an app name
inline bool valid_alias_name_string(const std::string &str) {
    static const std::string badChars(std::string("\n") + '\0');
    return (str.find_first_of(badChars) == std::string::npos);
}

/// check if a string is a container segment separator (empty or "%%")
inline bool is_separator(const std::string &str) {
    static const std::string sep("%%");
    return (str.empty() || str == sep);
}

/// Verify that str consists of letters only
inline bool isalpha(const std::string &str) {
    return std::all_of(str.begin(), str.end(), [](char c) { return std::isalpha(c, std::locale()); });
}

/// Return a lower case version of a string
inline std::string to_lower(std::string str) {
    std::transform(std::begin(str), std::end(str), std::begin(str), [](const std::string::value_type &x) {
        return std::tolower(x, std::locale());
    });
    return str;
}

/// remove underscores from a string
inline std::string remove_underscore(std::string str) {
    str.erase(std::remove(std::begin(str), std::end(str), '_'), std::end(str));
    return str;
}

/// Find and replace a substring with another substring
CLI11_INLINE std::string find_and_replace(std::string str, std::string from, std::string to);

/// check if the flag definitions has possible false flags
inline bool has_default_flag_values(const std::string &flags) {
    return (flags.find_first_of("{!") != std::string::npos);
}

CLI11_INLINE void remove_default_flag_values(std::string &flags);

/// Check if a string is a member of a list of strings and optionally ignore case or ignore underscores
CLI11_INLINE std::ptrdiff_t find_member(std::string name,
                                        const std::vector<std::string> names,
                                        bool ignore_case = false,
                                        bool ignore_underscore = false);

/// Find a trigger string and call a modify callable function that takes the current string and starting position of the
/// trigger and returns the position in the string to search for the next trigger string
template <typename Callable> inline std::string find_and_modify(std::string str, std::string trigger, Callable modify) {
    std::size_t start_pos = 0;
    while((start_pos = str.find(trigger, start_pos)) != std::string::npos) {
        start_pos = modify(str, start_pos);
    }
    return str;
}

/// close a sequence of characters indicated by a closure character.  Brackets allows sub sequences
/// recognized bracket sequences include "'`[(<{  other closure characters are assumed to be literal strings
CLI11_INLINE std::size_t close_sequence(const std::string &str, std::size_t start, char closure_char);

/// Split a string '"one two" "three"' into 'one two', 'three'
/// Quote characters can be ` ' or " or bracket characters [{(< with matching to the matching bracket
CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> split_up(std::string str, char delimiter = '\0');

/// get the value of an environmental variable or empty string if empty
CLI11_INLINE std::string get_environment_value(const std::string &env_name);

/// This function detects an equal or colon followed by an escaped quote after an argument
/// then modifies the string to replace the equality with a space.  This is needed
/// to allow the split up function to work properly and is intended to be used with the find_and_modify function
/// the return value is the offset+1 which is required by the find_and_modify function.
CLI11_INLINE std::size_t escape_detect(std::string &str, std::size_t offset);

/// @brief  detect if a string has escapable characters
/// @param str the string to do the detection on
/// @return true if the string has escapable characters
CLI11_INLINE bool has_escapable_character(const std::string &str);

/// @brief escape all escapable characters
/// @param str the string to escape
/// @return a string with the escapable characters escaped with '\'
CLI11_INLINE std::string add_escaped_characters(const std::string &str);

/// @brief replace the escaped characters with their equivalent
CLI11_INLINE std::string remove_escaped_characters(const std::string &str);

/// generate a string with all non printable characters escaped to hex codes
CLI11_INLINE std::string binary_escape_string(const std::string &string_to_escape);

CLI11_INLINE bool is_binary_escaped_string(const std::string &escaped_string);

/// extract an escaped binary_string
CLI11_INLINE std::string extract_binary_string(const std::string &escaped_string);

/// process a quoted string, remove the quotes and if appropriate handle escaped characters
CLI11_INLINE bool process_quoted_string(std::string &str, char string_char = '\"', char literal_char = '\'');

/// This function formats the given text as a paragraph with fixed width and applies correct line wrapping
/// with a custom line prefix. The paragraph will get streamed to the given ostream.
CLI11_INLINE std::ostream &streamOutAsParagraph(std::ostream &out,
                                                const std::string &text,
                                                std::size_t paragraphWidth,
                                                const std::string &linePrefix = "",
                                                bool skipPrefixOnFirstLine = false);

}  // namespace detail

// [CLI11:string_tools_hpp:end]

}  // namespace CLI

#ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
#include "impl/StringTools_inl.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
#endif