boost_mirror/utility
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/boostorg/utility.git synced 2025-05-09 15:04:00 +00:00
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Documented value_init workaround to compiler issues, added new introduction, updated to 2003 edition of C++ Standard -- reviewed by Fernando Cacciola

Browse Source 
[SVN r42771]
This commit is contained in:
Niels Dekker 2008-01-14 18:17:30 +00:00
parent d731b8e1c5
commit ac93de7c1b
1 changed files with 139 additions and 18 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

157
value_init.htm
View File

@ -17,11 +17,13 @@
<dl> <dl>
<dt><a href="#rationale">Rationale</a></dt> <dt><a href="#rationale">Rationale</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></dt> <dt><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#details">Details</a></dt>
</dl> </dl>
<ul> <ul>
<li><a href="#valueinit">value-initialization</a></li> <li><a href="#valueinit">value-initialization</a></li>
<li><a href="#valueinitsyn">value-initialization syntax</a></li> <li><a href="#valueinitsyn">value-initialization syntax</a></li>
<li><a href="#compiler_issues">compiler issues</a></li>
</ul> </ul>
@ -46,22 +48,89 @@ for initialization. Depending on the type, the value of a newly constructed
the default constructor), or indeterminate. When writing generic code, the default constructor), or indeterminate. When writing generic code,
this problem must be addressed. <code>value_initialized</code> provides this problem must be addressed. <code>value_initialized</code> provides
a solution with consistent syntax for value initialization of scalar, a solution with consistent syntax for value initialization of scalar,
union and class types. <br> union and class types.
Moreover, <code>value_initialized</code> offers a workaround to various
compiler issues regarding value-initialization.
<br>
</p> </p>
<h2><a name="intro"></a>Introduction</h2> <h2><a name="intro"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>
There are various ways to initialize a variable, in C++. The following
declarations all <em>may</em> have a local variable initialized to its default
value:
<pre>
T1 var1;
T2 var2 = 0;
T3 var3 = {};
T4 var4 = T4();
</pre>
Unfortunately, whether or not any of those declarations correctly
initialize the variable very much depends on its type. The first
declaration is valid for any <a href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/DefaultConstructible.html">
DefaultConstructible</a> type (by definition).
However, it does not always do an initialization!
It correctly initializes the variable when it's an instance of a
class, and the author of the class has provided a proper default
constructor. On the other hand, the value of <code>var1</code> is <em>indeterminate</em> when
its type is an arithmetic type, like <code>int</code>, <code>float</code>, or <code>char</code>.
An arithmetic variable
is of course initialized properly by the second declaration, <code>T2
var2 = 0</code>. But this initialization form usually won't work for a
class type (unless the class was especially written to support being
initialized that way). The third form, <code>T3 var3 = {}</code>
initializes an aggregate, typically a "C-style" <code>struct</code> or a "C-style" array.
However, the syntax is not allowed for a class that has an explicitly declared
constructor. (But watch out for an upcoming C++ language change,
by Bjarne Stroustrup et al [<a href="#references">3</a>]!)
The fourth form is the most generic form of them, as it
can be used to initialize arithmetic types, class types, aggregates, pointers, and
other types. The declaration, <code>T4 var4 = T4()</code>, should be read
as follows: First a temporary object is created, by <code>T4()</code>.
This object is <a href="#valueinit">value-initialized</a>. Next the temporary
object is copied to the named variable, <code>var4</code>. Afterwards, the temporary
is destroyed. While the copying and the destruction are likely to
be optimized away, C++ still requires the type <code>T4</code> to be
<a href="CopyConstructible.html">CopyConstructible</a>.
(So <code>T4</code> needs to be <em>both</em> DefaultConstructible <em>and</em> CopyConstructible.)
A class may not be CopyConstructible, for example because it may have a
private and undefined copy constructor,
or because it may be derived from <a href="utility.htm#Class_noncopyable">boost::noncopyable</a>.
Scott Meyers [<a href="#references">4</a>] explains why a class would be defined like that.
</p>
<p>
There is another, less obvious disadvantage to the fourth form, <code>T4 var4 = T4()</code>:
It suffers from various <a href="#compiler_issues">compiler issues</a>, causing
a variable to be left uninitialized in some compiler specific cases.
</p>
<p>
The template <a href="#val_init"><code>value_initialized</code></a>
offers a generic way to initialize
an object, like <code>T4 var4 = T4()</code>, but without requiring its type
to be CopyConstructible. And it offers a workaround to those compiler issues
regarding value-initialization as well! It allows getting an initialized
variable of any type; it <em>only</em> requires the type to be DefaultConstructible.
A properly <em>value-initialized</em> object of type <code>T</code> is
constructed by the following declaration:
<pre>
value_initialized&lt;T&gt; var;
</pre>
</p>
<h2><a name="details"></a>Details</h2>
<p>The C++ standard [<a href="#references">1</a>] contains the definitions <p>The C++ standard [<a href="#references">1</a>] contains the definitions
of <code>zero-initialization</code> and <code>default-initialization</code>. of <code>zero-initialization</code> and <code>default-initialization</code>.
Informally, zero-initialization means that the object is given the initial Informally, zero-initialization means that the object is given the initial
value 0 (converted to the type) and default-initialization means that value 0 (converted to the type) and default-initialization means that
POD [<a href="#references">2</a>] types are zero-initialized, while class POD [<a href="#references">2</a>] types are zero-initialized, while non-POD class
types are initialized with their corresponding default constructors. A types are initialized with their corresponding default constructors. A
<i>declaration</i> can contain an <i>initializer</i>, which specifies the <i>declaration</i> can contain an <i>initializer</i>, which specifies the
object's initial value. The initializer can be just '()', which states that object's initial value. The initializer can be just '()', which states that
the object shall be default-initialized (but see below). However, if a <i>declaration</i> the object shall be value-initialized (but see below). However, if a <i>declaration</i>
has no <i>initializer</i> and it is of a non-<code>const</code>, non-<code>static</code> has no <i>initializer</i> and it is of a non-<code>const</code>, non-<code>static</code>
POD type, the initial value is indeterminate:<cite>(see &sect;8.5 for the POD type, the initial value is indeterminate: <cite>(see &sect;8.5, [dcl.init], for the
accurate definitions).</cite></p> accurate definitions).</cite></p>
<pre>int x ; // no initializer. x value is indeterminate.<br>std::string s ; // no initializer, s is default-constructed.<br><br>int y = int() ; <br>// y is initialized using copy-initialization<br>// but the temporary uses an empty set of parentheses as the initializer,<br>// so it is default-constructed.<br>// A default constructed POD type is zero-initialized,<br>// therefore, y == 0.<br><br>void foo ( std::string ) ;<br>foo ( std::string() ) ; <br>// the temporary string is default constructed <br>// as indicated by the initializer () </pre> <pre>int x ; // no initializer. x value is indeterminate.<br>std::string s ; // no initializer, s is default-constructed.<br><br>int y = int() ; <br>// y is initialized using copy-initialization<br>// but the temporary uses an empty set of parentheses as the initializer,<br>// so it is default-constructed.<br>// A default constructed POD type is zero-initialized,<br>// therefore, y == 0.<br><br>void foo ( std::string ) ;<br>foo ( std::string() ) ; <br>// the temporary string is default constructed <br>// as indicated by the initializer () </pre>
@ -87,14 +156,11 @@ the object shall be default-initialized (but see below). However, if a <i>decla
<p>In order to specify value-initialization of an object we need to use the <p>In order to specify value-initialization of an object we need to use the
empty-set initializer: (). </p> empty-set initializer: (). </p>
<p><i>(but recall that the current C++ Standard states that '()' invokes default-initialization,
not value-initialization)</i></p>
<p>As before, a declaration with no intializer specifies default-initialization, <p>As before, a declaration with no intializer specifies default-initialization,
and a declaration with a non-empty initializer specifies copy (=xxx) or and a declaration with a non-empty initializer specifies copy (=xxx) or
direct (xxx) initialization. </p> direct (xxx) initialization. </p>
<pre>template&lt;class T&gt; void eat(T);<br>int x ; // indeterminate initial value.<br>std::string s; // default-initialized.<br>eat ( int() ) ; // value-initialized<br>eat ( std::string() ) ; // value-initialied</pre> <pre>template&lt;class T&gt; void eat(T);<br>int x ; // indeterminate initial value.<br>std::string s; // default-initialized.<br>eat ( int() ) ; // value-initialized<br>eat ( std::string() ) ; // value-initialized</pre>
<h4><a name="valueinitsyn">value-initialization</a> syntax</h4> <h4><a name="valueinitsyn">value-initialization</a> syntax</h4>
@ -102,7 +168,7 @@ not value-initialization)</i></p>
parentheses is not permitted by the syntax of initializers because it is parentheses is not permitted by the syntax of initializers because it is
parsed as the declaration of a function taking no arguments: </p> parsed as the declaration of a function taking no arguments: </p>
<pre>int x() ; // declares function int(*)()<br>int y ( int() ) ; // decalares function int(*)( int(*)() )</pre> <pre>int x() ; // declares function int(*)()</pre>
<p>Thus, the empty () must be put in some other initialization context.</p> <p>Thus, the empty () must be put in some other initialization context.</p>
@ -124,8 +190,50 @@ data member:</p>
<pre>template&lt;class T&gt; <br>struct W <br>{<br> // value-initialization of 'data' here.<br> W() : data() {}<br> T data ;<br>} ;<br>W&lt;int&gt; w ;<br>// w.data is value-initialized for any type. </pre> <pre>template&lt;class T&gt; <br>struct W <br>{<br> // value-initialization of 'data' here.<br> W() : data() {}<br> T data ;<br>} ;<br>W&lt;int&gt; w ;<br>// w.data is value-initialized for any type. </pre>
<p><code>This is the solution supplied by the value_initialized&lt;&gt; template <p>This is the solution as it was supplied by earlier versions of the
class.</code></p> <code>value_initialized&lt;T&gt;</code> template
class. Unfortunately this approach suffered from various compiler issues.</p>
<h4><a name="compiler_issues">compiler issues</a> </h4>
Various compilers haven't yet fully implemented value-initialization.
So when an object should be <em>value-initialized</em> (according to the C++ Standard),
it <em>may</em> in practice still be left uninitialized, because of those
compiler issues! It's hard to make a general statement on what those issues
are like, because they depend on the compiler you are using, its version number,
and the type of object you would like to have value-initialized.
Compilers usually support value-initialization for built-in types properly.
But objects of user-defined types that involve <em>aggregates</em> may <em>in some cases</em>
be partially, or even entirely left uninitialized, when they should be value-initialized.
</p>
<p>
We have encountered issues regarding value-initialization on compilers by
Microsoft, Sun, Borland, and GNU. Here is a list of bug reports on those issues:
<table summary="Compiler bug reports regarding value-initialization" border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" >
<tr><td>
<a href="https://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/ViewFeedback.aspx?FeedbackID=100744">
Microsoft Feedback ID 100744 - Value-initialization in new-expression</a>
<br>Reported by Pavel Kuznetsov (MetaCommunications Engineering), 2005-07-28
<br>
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=30111">
GCC Bug 30111 - Value-initialization of POD base class doesn't initialize members</a>
<br>Reported by Jonathan Wakely, 2006-12-07
<br>
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=33916">
GCC Bug 33916 - Default constructor fails to initialize array members</a>
<br>Reported by Michael Elizabeth Chastain, 2007-10-26
<br>
<a href="http://qc.codegear.com/wc/qcmain.aspx?d=51854">
Borland Report 51854 - Value-initialization: POD struct should be zero-initialized</a>
<br>Reported by Niels Dekker (LKEB, Leiden University Medical Center), 2007-11-09
<br>
</td></tr></table>
</p><p>
New versions of <code>value_initialized</code>
(Boost release version 1.35 or higher)
offer a workaround to these issues: <code>value_initialized</code> will now clear
its internal data, prior to constructing the object that it contains.
</p>
<h2><a name="types"></a>Types</h2> <h2><a name="types"></a>Types</h2>
@ -191,23 +299,36 @@ the wrapped object is always performed with the <code>get()</code> idiom:</p>
<pre>value_initialized&lt;int&gt; x ;<br>get(x) = 1 ; // OK<br><br>value_initialized&lt;int const&gt; cx ;<br>get(x) = 1 ; // ERROR: Cannot modify a const object<br><br>value_initialized&lt;int&gt; const x_c ;<br>get(x_c) = 1 ; // ERROR: Cannot modify a const object<br><br>value_initialized&lt;int const&gt; const cx_c ;<br>get(cx_c) = 1 ; // ERROR: Cannot modify a const object<br></pre> <pre>value_initialized&lt;int&gt; x ;<br>get(x) = 1 ; // OK<br><br>value_initialized&lt;int const&gt; cx ;<br>get(x) = 1 ; // ERROR: Cannot modify a const object<br><br>value_initialized&lt;int&gt; const x_c ;<br>get(x_c) = 1 ; // ERROR: Cannot modify a const object<br><br>value_initialized&lt;int const&gt; const cx_c ;<br>get(cx_c) = 1 ; // ERROR: Cannot modify a const object<br></pre>
<h3><a name="references">References</a></h3> <h3><a name="references">References</a></h3>
[1] The C++ Standard, ISO/IEC 14882:98 <br> [1] The C++ Standard, Second edition (2003), ISO/IEC 14882:2003 <br>
[2] Plain Old Data [2] POD stands for "Plain Old Data" <br>
[3] Bjarne Stroustrup, Gabriel Dos Reis, and J. Stephen Adamczyk wrote
various papers, proposing to extend the support for brace-enclosed <em>initializer lists</em>
in the next version of C++.
This would allow a variable <code>var</code> of any DefaultConstructible type
<code>T</code> to be <em>value-initialized</em> by doing <code>T var = {}</code>.
The papers are listed at Bjarne's web page,
<a href="http://www.research.att.com/~bs/WG21.html">My C++ Standards committee papers</a> <br>
[4] Scott Meyers, Effective C++, Third Edition, item 6,
<em>Explicitly disallow the use of compiler-generated functions you do not want</em>,
<a href="http://www.aristeia.com/books.html">Scott Meyers: Books and CDs</a>
<h3><a name="acknowledgements"></a>Acknowledgements</h3> <h3><a name="acknowledgements"></a>Acknowledgements</h3>
value_initialized was developed by Fernando Cacciola, with help and value_initialized was developed by Fernando Cacciola, with help and
suggestions from David Abrahams and Darin Adler.<br> suggestions from David Abrahams and Darin Adler.<br>
Special thanks to Björn Karlsson who carefully edited and completed this documentation. Special thanks to Björn Karlsson who carefully edited and completed this documentation.
<p>value_initialized was reimplemented by Fernando Cacciola and Niels Dekker
for Boost release version 1.35 (2008), offering a workaround to various compiler issues.
</p>
<p>Developed by <a href="mailto:fernando_cacciola@hotmail.com">Fernando Cacciola</a>, <p>Developed by <a href="mailto:fernando_cacciola@hotmail.com">Fernando Cacciola</a>,
the latest version of this file can be found at <a the latest version of this file can be found at <a
href="http://www.boost.org">www.boost.org</a>, and the boost discussion list href="http://www.boost.org">www.boost.org</a>.
at <a href="http://www.yahoogroups.com/list/boost">www.yahoogroups.com/list/boost</a>.
</p> </p>
<hr> <hr>
<p>Revised 19 September 2002</p> <p>Revised January 2008</p>
<p>&copy; Copyright Fernando Cacciola, 2002.</p> <p>&copy; Copyright Fernando Cacciola, 2002, 2008.</p>
<p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. See <p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. See
<a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a></p> <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a></p>