[/ Copyright 2006-2007 Daniel James.
 / Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 / file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) ]

[def __tr1__ 
    [@http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n2009.pdf
    C++ Standard Library Technical Report]]
[def __draft__
    [@http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n2009.pdf
    Working Draft of the C++ Standard]]
[def __hash-table__ [@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table
    hash table]]
[def __hash-function__ [@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function
    hash function]]

[section:intro Introduction]

For accessing data based on keys, the C++ standard library offers `std::set`,
`std::map`, `std::multiset` and `std::multimap`. These are generally
implemented using balanced binary trees so lookup time has
logarithmic complexity. Which is generally okay, but in many cases a
__hash-table__ can perform better, as accessing data has constant complexity,
on average. The worst case complexity is linear, but that occurs rarely and
with some care, can be avoided.

Also, the existing containers require a 'less than' comparison object
to order their elements. For some data types this is impossible to implement
or isn't practicle. For a hash table you need an equality function
and a hash function for the key.

So the __tr1__ introduced the unordered associative containers, which are
implemented using hash tables, and they have now been added to the __draft__.
There are four containers to match the existing
associate containers. In the header <[headerref boost/unordered_set.hpp]>:

    template <
        class Key,
        class Hash = boost::hash<Key>, 
        class Pred = std::equal_to<Key>, 
        class Alloc = std::allocator<Key> > 
    class ``[classref boost::unordered_set unordered_set]``;

    template<
        class Key,
        class Hash = boost::hash<Key>, 
        class Pred = std::equal_to<Key>, 
        class Alloc = std::allocator<Key> > 
    class ``[classref boost::unordered_multiset unordered_multiset]``;

and in <[headerref boost/unordered_map.hpp]>:

    template <
        class Key, class T,
        class Hash = boost::hash<Key>, 
        class Pred = std::equal_to<Key>, 
        class Alloc = std::allocator<Key> > 
    class ``[classref boost::unordered_map unordered_map]``;

    template<
        class Key, class T,
        class Hash = boost::hash<Key>, 
        class Pred = std::equal_to<Key>, 
        class Alloc = std::allocator<Key> > 
    class ``[classref boost::unordered_multimap unordered_multimap]``;

The containers are used in a similar manner to the normal associative
containers:

    #include <``[headerref boost/unordered_map.hpp]``>
    #include <cassert>

    int main()
    {
        boost::unordered_map<std::string, int> x;
        x["one"] = 1;
        x["two"] = 2;
        x["three"] = 3;

        assert(x["one"] == 1);
        assert(x["missing"] == 0);
    }

But since the elements aren't ordered, the output of:

    BOOST_FOREACH(map::value_type i, x) {
        std::cout<<i.first<<","<<i.second<<"\n";
    }

can be in any order. For example, it might be:

    two,2
    one,1
    three,3
    missing,0

There are other differences, which will be detailed later.

[endsect]